Team Metabolic Health

Biopharmaceutical start-up BioAge Labs is developing a weight loss drug for older adults known as azelaprag, which is intended to be taken orally along with other weight loss drugs. According to the company which partners with Eli Lilly, the phase 2 trials for azelaprag have begun in combination with tizerpertide – an active ingredient used in Eli’s Zepbound. Read on to know more.

BioAge will be using azelaprag, an apelin receptor agonist that mimics the activity of a peptide released during exercise.

A well-known collaborator with Eli Lilly – BioAge Labs is focusing on developing an anti-obesity drug for the elderly “by targeting the biology of human ageing”, the biopharmaceutical start-up said. The company says it has started phase 2 clinical trials of azelaprag in combination with tizerpertide – the active ingredient in Eli Lilly’s Zepbound.

BioAge will be using azelaprag – an apelin receptor agonist that mimics the activity of a peptide released during exercise, along with semaglutide – the drug behind Novo Nordisk’s Wegovy and Ozempic, which are hugely popular among all age groups.

The race for next-gen weight loss drugs

According to experts, apart from Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly, many other pharma companies have been tirelessly working to come out with new formulas for anti-obesity drugs due to surging demand for weight loss medications.

How does azelaprag work?

According to the company, Azelaprag copies the activity of the exerkine apelin, helps with weight loss, and improves body composition. A few preclinical studies have also suggested that azelaprag can double the weight loss achieved with incretin drugs.

Azelaprag is well tolerated and has a safety profile that is in line with prior data. In a phase 1b clinical trial, the drug also prevented muscle atrophy and maintained muscle protein synthesis in healthy volunteers aged 65 years or older who were placed on 10 days of bed rest.

Muscle atrophy or loss of muscle mass and strength is a universal feature of human ageing that increases the risk of multiple morbidities, shortens lifespan, and diminishes the quality of life. Hospitalization and periods of forced inactivity greatly accelerate this loss in older people.

“The data from this Phase 1b study provide clinical validation of BioAge’s AI-driven discovery platform and demonstrate the power of our human-first approach to identify medically relevant drug targets,” said Dr. Kristen Fortney, CEO and co-founder of BioAge in a news release. “Our analysis of BioAge’s human aging cohorts revealed that the apelin pathway is a strong predictor of healthy longevity and muscle function, and now this has translated directly into our clinical finding that apelin pathway activation with BGE-105 improves muscle physiology in older adults. Today’s announcement is a milestone in BioAge’s mission to create a pipeline of drugs that treat disease and extend healthy lifespan by targeting the mechanisms of ageing.”

BioAge’s analysis of proprietary human biobanks showed that apelin pathway activity, which declines with age, is positively associated with longevity, mobility, and cognitive function.

Apelin, the natural ligand of APJ, is secreted by skeletal muscle in response to exercise and regulates multiple aspects of muscle metabolism, growth, and repair. BGE-105 binds APJ and activates apelin signaling.

Credit: Times Now

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Daisuke Hori’s claims have intrigued many, leading to a reality show by Japan’s Yomiuri TV that followed him closely for three days to observe his lifestyle.

Imagine sleeping just 30 minutes a day for over a decade and still functioning at a high level. This is the remarkable claim of Daisuke Hori, a 40-year-old entrepreneur from Hyogo, Japan, who has maintained such an extreme sleep schedule for the past 12 years. 

According to Hori, this minimal sleep routine is not only a personal challenge but a way to “double” his life, as reported by South China Morning Post. 

Despite the consensus that adults need 6-8 hours of sleep for optimal health, Hori asserts that his unique approach has significantly boosted his work efficiency and overall focus.

The man’s routine includes unconventional methods. He told the outlet, “As long as you do sports or drink coffee an hour before eating, you can stave off drowsiness.”

Hori’s claims have intrigued many, leading to a reality show by Japan’s Yomiuri TV that followed him closely for three days to observe his lifestyle. The show mentioned an instance where he slept for just 26 minutes, woke up filled with energy, had breakfast, went to work, and even hit the gym.

What happens when you sleep for just 30 minutes a day? (Source: X/Bothinahamed)

As he continues to teach others about short sleeping through his Japan Short Sleepers Training Association, his practices challenge traditional sleep science and invite questions about the feasibility of this practice.

Dr Palleti Siva Karthik Reddy MBBS, MD, general physician tells indianexpress.com, “Consistently sleeping only 30 minutes a day can have significant negative impacts on long-term health. Sleep is essential for various physiological processes, including brain function, memory consolidation, immune system function, and metabolic regulation. Chronic sleep deprivation, like limiting sleep to just 30 minutes a day, can lead to a host of health problems.”

But, what are these health issues?

Dr Reddy explains, “One of the most immediate effects of severe sleep deprivation is impaired cognitive function. Lack of sleep affects attention, concentration, decision-making, and problem-solving abilities. Over time, chronic sleep deprivation can lead to memory loss and increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s.”

He adds, “During sleep, the body produces cytokines, proteins that help fight infections, inflammation, and stress. A lack of adequate sleep lowers cytokine production, making the body more susceptible to illness.”

Dr Reddy also notes that chronic sleep deprivation is linked to cardiovascular problems, hormonal imbalances, and mood disorders like anxiety and depression. “While Mr Hori claims that sleeping only 30 minutes a day has allowed him to ‘double’ his productive life, the negative health impacts far outweigh any perceived benefits.”

“The idea that extreme sleep reduction can enhance productivity is misleading, as productivity also depends on cognitive sharpness, emotional stability, and overall health,” he adds. 

Is it scientifically possible for the human body and brain to adapt to such minimal sleep?

Dr Reddy informs, “Scientifically, the human body and brain are not designed to adapt to such minimal sleep as 30 minutes a day.” 

Sleep is essential for various bodily functions, including physical recovery, cognitive processes, and emotional regulation. A minimal amount of sleep prevents adequate progression through critical sleep stages like deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement), which are crucial for restorative processes.

Extreme sleep deprivation can lead to ‘microsleeps,’ brief episodes of involuntary sleep that impair cognitive performance and are not a sustainable solution. Additionally, disrupting the body’s circadian rhythm with such minimal sleep can result in serious health issues, making it clear that extreme sleep deprivation cannot be fully adapted to without consequences.

How do practices like Hori’s affect the body’s ability to cope with extreme sleep deprivation?

“Practices like exercising or drinking coffee before meals, as mentioned by Mr Hori, may offer temporary boosts in alertness or energy but are not sustainable strategies for coping with extreme sleep deprivation,” states Dr Reddy. 

While exercise can help mitigate some effects of sleep deprivation, such as fatigue, it cannot replace the restorative processes that occur during sleep.

Drinking coffee before meals can temporarily enhance alertness and concentration by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain, which promote sleep. However, excessive caffeine consumption, especially when used to counteract sleep deprivation, can lead to increased anxiety, heart palpitations, digestive issues, and dependency, reminds Dr Reddy.

Credit: The Indian Express

Team Metabolic Health

Content creator Krish Ashok in his Instagram reel points out that it is all a product of British World War II propaganda

For generations, parents have encouraged their children to eat carrots, touting the vegetable’s purported benefits for improving vision. The widespread belief that carrots are a superfood for the eyes has become so deeply ingrained in our cultural consciousness that it’s rarely questioned. 

However, according to author and content creator Krish Ashok, this is a myth. “Carrots are great for you, but they won’t give you night vision,” he captions his post. 

In his reel, he explains that this myth is a product of British World War II propaganda. “During the war, one of the most groundbreaking inventions that helped defeat Hitler was radar. It helped the allies see German bombing planes at night so they could shoot them down more efficiently. Obviously, the Germans were trying to find out how they were doing this. And to keep the invention a secret, the Ministry of Information launched a propaganda campaign that claimed that British pilots could see at night because they were eating a lot of carrots,” he details. 

Dr Jagadish J Hiremath, public health intellectual, says, “Carrots have long been associated with good eyesight, but recent discussions suggest that their benefits might be overstated.”

Dr Jagadish J Hiremath, public health intellectual, says, “Carrots have long been associated with good eyesight, but recent discussions suggest that their benefits might be overstated.” (Source: Freepik)

Nutrients in carrots and their role in eyesight

Contrary to what Ashok says in the video, Dr Hiremath asserts, “Carrots are rich in beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A, an essential nutrient for eye health. Vitamin A helps maintain the surface of the eye (cornea) and is also crucial for night vision.” 

According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, he says, beta-carotene is vital for converting light into a signal that can be transmitted to the brain, thus supporting vision.

Studies challenging the notion

Recent studies challenge the long-held belief that carrots significantly improve eyesight, agrees Dr Hiremath. “A review published in JAMA Ophthalmology indicates that while vitamin A is crucial for eye health, excessive consumption beyond the required amount doesn’t enhance vision further. The review highlights that other factors and nutrients are also critical for maintaining eye health, and the impact of carrots alone may be minimal.”

Alternative dietary sources for eye health

While carrots are beneficial, Dr Hiremath recommends the consumption of these foods to support eye health as well:

Leafy Greens: Spinach and kale contain lutein and zeaxanthin, antioxidants that protect the eyes from harmful light.

Maintaining good eyesight involves more than just diet. (Source: Freepik)

Fish: Fatty fish like salmon provide omega-3 fatty acids, essential for retinal health.

Citrus Fruits: Oranges and lemons are high in vitamin C, which supports the health of blood vessels in the eyes.

Nuts and Seeds: Almonds and sunflower seeds are rich in vitamin E, protecting eyes from free radical damage.

Effective practices for maintaining good eyesight

Dr Hiremath says, “Maintaining good eyesight involves more than just diet.” Here are some effective practices based on current research, that he suggests everyone to follow:

Balanced Diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats supports overall eye health.

Regular Eye Exams: Routine check-ups can detect eye-related issues early.

Protective Eyewear: Wearing sunglasses that block UV rays can prevent damage to your eyes.

Credit: The Indian Express

Team Metabolic Health

Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties while rock salt is a mineral-rich alternative to table salt.

Of late, digestive disorders have become commonplace; and for relief, while some people pop pills and resort to laxatives, many others still swear by traditional home remedies. One common tried-and-tested solution is having a small piece of fresh ginger with sendha namak (or rock salt).

According to Ayurveda practitioner Dr Vilaxana Joshi, this system of traditional medicine also advises consuming this combination before meals. “Chew on it properly. It ensures that digestion is good. It increases the palatability of your food and cleanses your throat and tongue,” said Dr Joshi.

Do you often face digestive issues? (Source: Getty Images/Thinkstock)

Intrigued, we decided to learn more about it.

Ayurveda highlights the concept of ‘agni’, or digestive fire, as crucial for overall health, said Jagmohan Singh, founder, Riohills Hospitality. “Ginger and rock salt are indeed powerful allies in enhancing digestion. When agni is low, the body struggles to absorb nutrients, leading to the buildup of toxins,” explained Singh.

Gut health nutritionist Payal Kothari added ginger has anti-inflammatory properties that can soothe the digestive tract and alleviate symptoms of indigestion.

How does Ginger Help?

Rock salt, on the other hand, is a mineral-rich alternative to table salt. “It contains essential minerals like magnesium, calcium, and potassium, which support various bodily functions, including digestion. Rock salt aids in balancing electrolytes and stimulating the production of digestive juices, promoting better digestion and nutrient absorption,” said Kothari.

Does the combination work?

Experts suggest that when combined, ginger and rock salt can work synergistically to improve digestion. Consuming a combination of ginger and rock salt before meals can help strengthen digestive fire, boost metabolism, and aid in the efficient assimilation of nutrients, said Singh.

“Ginger stimulates digestive enzymes, while rock salt, rich in essential trace minerals, supports organ function and balances the body’s internal environment,” Singh told indianexpress.com.

“This combination not only prepares the digestive system but also curbs unhealthy cravings, promoting overall well-being,” added Singh.

Credit: The Indian Express

Team Metabolic Health

Risks for major cardiovascular events like heart attacks or strokes over 30 years were 36% higher in women with the highest levels of LDL-C and 70% higher in women with the highest levels of hsCRP, suggesting the need for universal screening for these and other markers, researchers said.

Women’s heart disease risks, and their need to start taking preventive medications should be evaluated when they are in their 30s rather than well after menopause as is now the practice, said researchers who published a study on Saturday, August 31, 2024.

Presenting the findings at the European Society of Cardiology annual meeting in London, they said the study showed, for the first time, that simple blood tests make it possible to estimate a woman’s risk of cardiovascular disease over the next three decades.

“This is good for patients first and foremost, but it is also important information for (manufacturers of) cholesterol lowering drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, and lipoprotein(a)lowering drugs – the implications for therapy are broad,” said study leader Paul Ridker of Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston.

Current guidelines “suggest to physicians that women should generally not be considered for preventive therapies until their 60s and 70s. These new data… clearly demonstrate that our guidelines need to change,” Dr. Ridker said. “We must move beyond discussions of 5 or 10 year risk.”

The 27,939 participants in the long-term Women’s Health Initiative study had blood tests between 1992 and 1995 for low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C or “bad cholesterol”), which are already a part of routine care.

They also had tests for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) – a marker of blood vessel inflammation – and lipoprotein(a), a genetically determined type of fat.

Compared to risks in women with the lowest levels of each marker, risks for major cardiovascular events like heart attacks or strokes over the next 30 years were 36% higher in women with the highest levels of LDL-C, 70% higher in women with the highest levels of hsCRP, and 33% higher in those with the highest levels of lipoprotein(a).

Women in whom all three markers were in the highest range were 2.6 times more likely to have a major cardiovascular event and 3.7 times more likely to have a stroke over the next three decades, according to a report of the study in The New England Journal of Medicine published to coincide with the presentation at the meeting.

“The three biomarkers are fully independent of each other and tell us about different biologic issues each individual woman faces,” Dr. Ridker said.

“The therapies we might use in response to an elevation in each biomarker are markedly different, and physicians can now specifically target the individual person’s biologic problem.”

While drugs that lower LDL-C and hsCRP are widely available – including statins and certain pills for high blood pressure and heart failure – drugs that reduce lipoprotein(a) levels are still in development by companies, including Novartis (NOVN.S ), Amgen , Eli Lilly and London-based Silence Therapeutics.

In some cases, lifestyle changes such as exercising and quitting smoking can be helpful.

Most of the women in the study were white Americans, but the findings would likely “have even greater impact among Black and Hispanic women for whom there is even a higher prevalence of undetected and untreated inflammation,” Dr. Ridker said.

“This is a global problem,” he added. “We need universal screening for hsCRP … and for lipoprotein(a), just as we already have universal screening for cholesterol.”

Credit: Reuters

Team Metabolic Health

As artificial intelligence (AI) promises to remake drug discovery, recent clinical trial results reveal its potential and challenges.

Recursion Pharmaceuticals, a self-described “clinical stage TechBio company,” recently announced results from its Phase 2 SYCAMORE trial for REC-994, a drug candidate targeting cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM), a rare brain disorder. The trial met its primary safety endpoint but showed mixed efficacy results, illustrating the complexities of translating AI-driven discoveries into clinical success.

The company’s Recursion OS platform uses machine-learning algorithms to analyze vast datasets, aiming to identify new drug candidates more efficiently than traditional methods. This approach represents a growing trend in the pharmaceutical industry to leverage AI in drug discovery. It also shows the challenges.

“While artificial intelligence excels at analyzing vast datasets, the scarcity of information on uncommon neurological conditions poses a major challenge,” Keaun Amani, CEO of Neurosnap, an AI platform used by labs, told PYMNTS. “Limited patient populations make it difficult to gather sufficient data for training accurate AI models.”

AI’s Growing Role in Drug Discovery

Progress in AI-driven drug discovery is evident. Alister Campbell, VP of science and technology at Dotmatics, told PYMNTS that since 2015, AI-native biotechnology companies and their partners have brought 75 candidates to clinical trials, with numbers growing yearly.

“AI use in drug discovery comes in many shapes and forms, from drug repurposing to predicting structures of anti-bodies and proteins using algorithms like AlphaFold, designing small molecule drugs using generative AI methods, using AI to mine vast OMIC datasets providing valuable insights into disease biology, druggable targets, and biomarkers,” Campbell said.

Jo Varshney, founder and CEO of AI drug discovery company VeriSIM Life, told PYMNTS: “Neurological conditions often lack clear, easily measurable indicators in lab tests or clinical assessments, resulting in a data scarcity that limits the effectiveness of AI systems.”

Recursion’s SYCAMORE clinical trial for CCM, which affects approximately 360,000 symptomatic individuals in the U.S. and EU, illustrates these challenges. Dr. Najat Khan, chief R&D officer at Recursion, noted “promising trends in exploratory efficacy endpoints,” particularly at the highest dose. However, the company acknowledged that “improvements in either patient or physician-reported outcomes were not yet seen at the 12 month time point.”

The trial’s outcome reflects broader industry challenges. According to Amani, “Mixed results in clinical studies reveal that while AI has great potential to revolutionize drug discovery, it still faces significant hurdles in accurately predicting drug efficacy. One major challenge is the complexity of biological systems, which AI models often struggle to fully capture.”

Navigating the Path Forward

Experts suggest various approaches to advance AI in drug discovery. Amani envisions developing more complex models capable of analyzing larger biological systems. He suggests “developing all-atom models capable of analyzing larger, more complex biological systems. These models, combined with a growing trend of blending machine learning and physics-based methods, offer the potential to simulate molecular interactions with unprecedented accuracy.”

Campbell proposes combining AI with traditional techniques to identify relevant biological targets and develop drug candidates more efficiently. He suggests a multi-pronged approach to identify clinically relevant biological targets, develop ideal candidates more quickly and cheaply, and reduce the chances of failure due to safety, efficacy and cost issues.

Accessibility of AI tools is also crucial. Amani notes that platforms like Neurosnap have streamlined the process, making it easier for scientists to use these tools. “Accessing AI-based tools for drug discovery can often be technically prohibitive to researchers,” Amani said. “Platforms like Neurosnap have greatly streamlined this process making it easier for scientists to efficiently utilize the tools they need.”

Varshney said developing more sophisticated “knowledge” or mechanistic systems that intricately incorporate detailed aspects of biology could yield more accurate and reliable predictions when integrated with AI.

Credit: www.pymnts.com

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While it aims to build a unique ecosystem with insurance intermediary Vidal Health, larger rival Medi Assist has upped the ante by making its own acquisition.

For four years, Bajaj Finserv Health (BFH) was working in a supporting role in India’s Rs 31,075 crore (US$370 billion) healthcare industry—facilitating doctor consultations and health checkups to its 400-odd corporate clients. This year, it decided to step into the spotlight.

“Our approach is to look at the entire healthcare journey of an individual and provide solutions that make it smoother, easier, and cashless,” Devang Mody, chief executive of BFH, told The Ken.

As the company’s vision evolved, so did its business strategy: it acquired 22-year-old Vidal Healthcare, a third-party administrator (TPA), in January. The fact that Vidal is one of the top three TPAs in the country only made the case for its acquisition stronger.

Now, in its additional role, BFH will also process and settle insurance claims between health insurers and the insured.

Credit: the-ken.com

Team Metabolic Health

Running in the morning offers numerous benefits, from boosting metabolism to enhancing mental clarity. Here are six amazing reasons to start your day with a run

Running is undoubtedly a fantastic way to achieve your fitness goals, embraced by millions for its numerous benefits. It’s one of the simplest forms of exercise, accessible to people of all ages. But did you know that running first thing in the morning feels like living two lives? The mental boost it gives your day, the thrill of a magical sunrise and the tranquillity of being immersed in nature while the rest of the world sleeps—there’s truly no better feeling. We often underestimate how powerful a morning run can be, whether it’s a solo journey or a pre-work running club. Check out some of the amazing benefits of a morning run below. 

Running in the morning offers a range of incredible benefits that can enhance your overall well-being.(Unsplash)

1. Improved mental health

Running positively impacts your mental health and boosts your self-worth. A morning run, especially outdoors, lets you enjoy nature’s beauty and the calm of fewer people and cars, making it a refreshing and rewarding start to your day.

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2. Better Sleep

If you struggle to sleep, try running in the morning. Studies show it promotes deeper sleep, and establishing a routine of early runs can help you fall asleep faster and improve your sleep quality.

3. Improves heart health

Morning running is an aerobic exercise with numerous health benefits, especially for heart health. It raises your heart rate, strengthens your cardiovascular system, and, with consistency, reduces the risk of heart disease and related conditions.

4. Better joint health

Running in the morning can help prevent joint pain and injury. Our joints are naturally stiffer in the morning, making them less prone to injury. By running early, you allow your body to warm up gradually, reducing strain on your joints and preparing for a longer, safer run.

Promoted

5. Helps to create consistency

Starting your day with a run before work helps establish a consistent exercise routine and develop discipline. Committing to a morning run makes it easier to build the habit of regular exercise, which can boost your energy, productivity, and success in other areas of your life.

6. Jump-starts your metabolism

Morning runs can significantly boost your metabolism, the process that converts food into energy. Running early activates your body’s metabolic functions, increasing calorie burn throughout the day and aiding in weight loss.

Credit: Hindustan Times

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This is an excerpt of the Health Rounds newsletter, where we present latest medical studies twice a week. To receive it in your inbox for free sign up here, opens new tab

Eli Lilly’s (LLY.N), opens new tab experimental next generation weight-loss drug mimics three hormones instead of just one or two and continues to show promising clinical trial results for additional health benefits, the company said.

Eli Lilly logo is shown on one of the company’s offices in San Diego, California, U.S., September 17, 2020. REUTERS/Mike Blake/File Photo 

Researchers reported, opens new tab at the recent European Society of Cardiology meeting in London that Lilly’s retatrutide significantly reduced patients’ blood lipid levels and cardiovascular risks in a mid-stage trial.

At 48 weeks, for example, retatrutide had reduced levels of triglycerides by up to 40.6%, and levels of a protein called apoC-III involved in glucose metabolism and inflammation by 38%.

Lilly had earlier announced that in the same trial patients taking injections of retatrutide at the highest dose had lost roughly 24% of their body weight, exceeding what the current popular weight-loss drugs demonstrated in clinical trials.

Credit: Reuters

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They found that measuring certain fats in serum before one loses weight could predict which type of blood sugar will improve following weight loss.

A blood test that can measure fats in serums could help predict if weight loss can be effective in helping a pre-diabetic patient manage blood sugar levels. People with pre-diabetes have higher blood sugar levels but not yet in the diabetic range.

Analysing fats in blood serum, researchers at the University of Sydney, Australia, found that while weight loss through dieting significantly impacted several types of lipids (fats), changes in different fats affected different types of blood sugar.

Six baseline bioactive sphingolipids primarily predicted changes in fasting plasma glucose. (Image Credits: Pixabay)

For example, changes in fasting blood sugar were linked to certain sphingolipids — a type of fat found in a cell’s outer layer — while those in HbA1c, insulin and insulin resistance were linked to other fats in blood serum.

“Six baseline bioactive sphingolipids primarily predicted changes in fasting plasma glucose. In addition, a number of baseline lipid species, mainly diacylglycerols and triglycerides, were predictive of clinical changes in hemoglobin A1c, insulin and HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance),” the authors wrote as quoted by news agency PTI.

Weight loss through a low-energy diet — low-carb, fibre-rich — is commonly recommended to help pre-diabetic people bring blood sugar levels back to normal. However, the researchers said that over half of these individuals do not achieve normal blood sugar levels afterwards.

They found that measuring certain fats in serum before one loses weight could predict which type of blood sugar will improve following weight loss. The findings are published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

“Our findings reveal that certain fats in the blood can tell us a lot about a person’s chances of improving their blood sugar levels through weight loss,” lead author Yanfei (Jacob) Qi from the university’s Centenary Institute said.

For the study, blood serum samples from 104 pre-diabetic participants were analysed before and after they started a low-energy diet for eight weeks. In this duration, the individuals were found to have lost at least eight per cent of their body weight.

Lipidomics — the use of AI-based techniques to study changes in hundreds of different lipids — was used in analysing the serum samples.

“(The findings) could be a game-changer in how we approach diabetes prevention, allowing us to personalise treatment plans for those who are less likely to benefit from standard diet recommendations,” Qi said as quoted by PTI.

Credit: Financial Express

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Eli Lilly has vaulted into an AI-enabled drug discovery deal, partnering with RNA specialist Genetic Leap in a pact worth up to $409 million in upfront and milestone payments.

New York-based Genetic Leap is built on AI models designed to support the discovery of RNA-targeted drugs. The stack features technologies for discovering new targets and finding ways to engage validated but undruggable targets. Astellas teamed up with the biotech to use the platform to find RNA-targeted small molecules against an undisclosed oncology target in 2022.

News of a deal with RNA specialist Genetic Leap comes after Eli Lilly pushed deeper into RNA by opening a $700 million nucleic acid R&D center. (Pix Credit: Getty Images Plus)

Now, Lilly has joined the list of Genetic Leap partners. The Big Pharma has entered into a research pact that will see Genetic Leap use its RNA-targeted AI platform to generate genetic drug candidates against selected targets. Lilly will pick targets in high-priority areas, and Genetic Leap will find oligonucleotide drugs against the targets.

The focus makes Genetic Leap part of a band of biotechs working to overturn traditional thinking about drugging RNA. As naturally polarized molecules with shallow binding pockets, the nucleic acid was seen as a poor fit for small molecules. However, over the past decade, biotechs such as Arrakis Therapeutics have set up shop and begun trying to target RNA.

Eli Lilly unwraps $700M nucleic acid R&D center in Boston Seaport, opens doors to biotechs

Neither party has disclosed the size of the upfront fee, which is typically a small proportion of the total value in such early-stage deals, but they have revealed Lilly will pay $409 million if the collaboration hits all its milestones. Tiered royalties could add to the total. News of the deal comes weeks after Lilly pushed deeper into RNA research by opening a $700 million nucleic acid R&D center in the Boston Seaport. Lilly invested in the site after identifying improvements in the delivery of DNA and RNA medicines as a way to unlock difficult to treat targets in key strategic areas such as neurodegeneration, diabetes and obesity.

Credit: ftp.digitalpharmaeast.com

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Some researchers argue that the roles of social environment and personal choice have to be considered in order to make progress in treating people addicted to drugs.

The message emblazoned on a walkway window at the airport in Burlington, Vt., is a startling departure from the usual tourism posters and welcome banners:

“Addiction is not a choice. It’s a disease that can happen to anyone.”

The statement is part of a public service campaign in yet another community assailed by drug use, intended to reduce stigma and encourage treatment.

For decades, medical science has classified addiction as a chronic brain disease, but the concept has always been something of a hard sell to a skeptical public. That is because, unlike diseases such as Alzheimer’s or bone cancer or Covid, personal choice does play a role, both in starting and ending drug use. The idea that those who use drugs are themselves at fault has recently been gaining fresh traction, driving efforts to toughen criminal penalties for drug possession and to cut funding for syringe-exchange programs.

But now, even some in the treatment and scientific communities have been rethinking the label of chronic brain disease.

Pix Credit: Medar De La Cruz

In July, behavior researchers published a critique of the classification, which they said could be counterproductive for patients and families.

“I don’t think it helps to tell people they are chronically diseased and therefore incapable of change. Then what hope do we have?” said Kirsten E. Smith, an assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and a co-author of the paper, published in the journal Psychopharmacology. “The brain is highly dynamic, as is our environment.”

The recent scientific criticisms are driven by an ominous urgency: Despite addiction’s longstanding classification as a disease, the deadly public health disaster has only worsened.

Almost no one is calling for entirely scrapping the disease model . Few dispute that constant use of stimulants like methamphetamine and opioids like fentanyl have a detrimental effect on the brain.

But some scientists argue that brain-centric disease characterizations of addiction do not sufficiently incorporate factors like social environment and genetics. In the recent critique, researchers contended that, rather than emphasizing the brain’s brokenness in perpetuity, an addiction definition should include the motivation or context in which the person chose to use drugs.

That choice, they said, is often about seeking an escape from intractable conditions such as a fraught home, undiagnosed mental health and learning disorders, bullying or loneliness. Generations of family addiction further tip the scales toward substance use.

And in many environments, they added, drugs are simply more readily available than healthier, rewarding options, including education and jobs.

Kirsten E. Smith, an assistant professor at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, disputes the definition of addiction as a chronic brain disease. “I am not in recovery,” she said. “I have recovered.” Pix Credit: Schaun Champion for The New York Times

Fentanyl Overdoses: What to Know

Devastating losses. Drug overdose deaths, largely caused by the synthetic opioid drug fentanyl, reached record highs in the United States in 2021. Here’s what you should know to keep your loved ones safe:

Understand fentanyl’s effects. Fentanyl is a potent and fast-acting drug, two qualities that also make it highly addictive. A small quantity goes a long way, so it’s easy to suffer an overdose. With fentanyl, there is only a short window of time to intervene and save a person’s life during an overdose.

Stick to licensed pharmacies. Prescription drugs sold online or by unlicensed dealers marketed as OxyContin, Vicodin and Xanax are often laced with fentanyl. Only take pills that were prescribed by your doctor and came from a licensed pharmacy.

Talk to your loved ones. The best way to prevent fentanyl use is to educate your loved ones, including teens, about it. Explain what fentanyl is and that it can be found in pills bought online or from friends. Aim to establish an ongoing dialogue in short spurts rather than one long, formal conversation.

Learn how to spot an overdose. When someone overdoses from fentanyl, breathing slows and their skin often turns a bluish hue. If you think someone is overdosing, call 911 right away.

Buy naloxone. If you’re concerned that a loved one could be exposed to fentanyl, you may want to buy naloxone. The medicine can rapidly reverse an opioid overdose and is often available at pharmacies without a prescription. Narcan, the nasal spray version of naloxone, has received F.D.A. approval to be sold over the counter and should be widely available by late summer.

Choosing drugs could then be understood not as a moral failing but as a form of decision making, with its own bleak logic.

Dr. Nora Volkow, director of the National Institutes on Drug Abuse, said the current model still holds value, and refers to addiction as “a chronic, treatable medical condition.” Pix Credit: Hailey Sadler for The New York Times

In combination with medications that subdue opioid cravings, therapists could help patients identify the reasons that led them to use drugs and then encourage them to make choices that result in meaningful, sustained rewards.

In a 2021 paper in the journal Neuropsychopharmacology, Dr. Markus Heilig, a former research director at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, defended the brain-disease diagnosis, saying evidence has been amply documented. But, his paper acknowledges, “Brain-centric accounts of addiction have for a long time failed to pay enough attention to the inputs that social factors provide to neural processing behind drug seeking and taking.”

In clinical practice, the term “addiction” is becoming increasingly nuanced. John F. Kelly, a psychologist and professor of addiction psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, defines addiction as “a severe substance use disorder that is at the point where there are lots of changes in the prefrontal cortex as well as deeper areas of the brain” that regulate emotion and behavior.

But only a small minority of people meet that criteria, he said. “Even within that severe range, there’s a lot of different degrees of impairment that can occur,” Dr. Kelly added. Genetics can exacerbate the severity of the response.

He offered the analogy of boarding a speeding train. “It starts off being an exhilarating ride, but at some point it gets out of control and becomes derailed. It’s a matter of when you can pull the emergency cord and get off,” he said, noting that some drug users never get the chance to do so before it’s too late.

That moment differs for everyone: “People will only change when there are negative consequences, but also when there is hope and optimism that change is possible, likely and sustainable.”

In disputing the characterization of addiction as a disease marked by compulsive or relapsing use, a few experts have argued that some drug and alcohol users can quit without treatment — and even return to occasional safe use.

Dr. Smith began using drugs in adolescence and became addicted to heroin. During her darkest stretch, when she was 23, she was injecting four times daily. She was involved in two bank robberies and then served almost four years in federal prison, where she attended a modest treatment program. Upon release, she finished college and completed graduate and postdoctoral studies.

It has been more than six years since she used opioids and more than 15 since she was addicted to them. Dr. Smith is quick to credit the benefits of her middle-class background and family support.

She rejects the idea that she will always be shackled to a chronic brain condition.

“I am not in recovery,” she said. “I have recovered.”

Theories of addiction have been debated for centuries. In the 1780s, Dr. Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, began calling alcoholism “that odious disease.” (“The different preparations of opium are a thousand times more safe and innocent than spiritous liquors,” he wrote.)

Compounding the modern confusion about the nature of addiction, psychiatry keeps refining criteria for what it labels “substance use disorder.” In the current edition of its diagnostic manual, the D.S.M.-V, a person has a mild disorder if they meet at least two of 11 symptoms. The more the symptoms, the greater the severity of the disorder.

Research on drug use began to take off in the 1970s. By 1997 Alan I. Leshner, then the head of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, published the foundational position paper, “Addiction Is a Brain Disease, and It Matters.”

To the public, policymakers and even health care workers, he wrote, “Addiction as a chronic, relapsing disease of the brain is a totally new concept.”

But he did not overlook contributing factors. “Not only must the underlying brain disease be treated, but the behavioral and social cue components must also be addressed,” he wrote.

His much-cited research summary, which appeared a year after Purdue Pharma launched the highly addictive prescription opioid OxyContin, had a powerful, positive effect. The brain-disease designation would stimulate funding for research, be used to expand insurance coverage for treatment and prompt changes in public policy and criminal law, where newly minted drug courts—now increasingly called “recovery courts”—urged defendants into treatment. The brain-disease framework would eventually be adopted by mainstream medicine, including the surgeon general.

And it offered patients and families a building block toward compassion as well as ways to counter ubiquitous scorn.

The model continues to hold value, said Dr. Nora Volkow, who now leads the institute. She refers to addiction as “a chronic, treatable medical condition.”

In a statement, she added, “Acknowledging that addiction involves changes to the brain does not discount the many genetic, social, environmental and other factors that also play an important role.”

Whether the brain will ever sufficiently recover after long abstinence, however, needs further studying, argued a 2022 review of the research, though the authors suggested that evidence is promising.

But as academics wrestle with how to frame addiction, patients and loved ones struggle painfully with the lack of certainty.

Nadia, whose father fatally overdosed on fentanyl in 2023, said that defining addiction as a disease lets users off the hook of responsibility.

“It’s difficult to hear people call addiction a disease, like cancer or progressive illnesses,” wrote Nadia, who lives in Minneapolis but asked that her last name be withheld to protect her family’s privacy. “My father chose drugs, time and time again. He missed all three of my graduations, my wedding and the birth of my child, as well as all the milestones of my sister. It’s hard to be told that he can’t control it. That we weren’t important enough for him to overcome it.”

Nadia was among the hundreds of readers who responded to questions from The New York Times about their families’ struggles with substance use. Many said that they agonized: They were furious with the person using drugs or alcohol. Yet many also felt guilty for bitterly resenting a parent, sibling, child or spouse who, they also accepted, was sick with a disease.

“People want to relieve themselves of the burden of the mixed emotions they feel towards their loved one, but that’s the burden inherent in the condition,” said Keith Humphreys, a psychologist and an addiction expert at Stanford University. That is in part why, he said, it’s easier for people to see addiction in absolutist terms — as a choice or a disease.

Overwhelmingly, family members described their burnout. “When a loved one is addicted to drugs it’s like they’ve been bitten by a vampire,” wrote Robin Pratt, whose sister used opioids for a dozen years. “They never stop plotting what they can take from you to support their habit. The same person who, before drugs, you would have trusted with your life, becomes someone you wouldn’t even trust with your purse.”

Almost 30 years ago, when Dr. Leshner argued for the brain-disease designation, he did so in part to break through what he called the long-simmering “imprecision and misconception” around addiction.

He then added: “In fact, if it were possible, it would be best to start all over with some new, more neutral term.”

Credit: The New York Times

Team Metabolic Health

It is crucial for individuals considering intermittent fasting to consult with a healthcare professional, particularly if they have underlying health conditions, mentioned Dr Kumar

Intermittent fasting (IF) has gained popularity for its potential benefits, including weight loss and improved metabolic health. However, concerns about its impact on the liver, a vital organ responsible for detoxification, metabolism, and digestion, and the heart are often not discussed.

Stating that intermittent fasting is a Western concept, Dr Shiv Kumar Sarin, gastroenterologist, the Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, told ANI, “IF requires you to eat in a particular window and to fast for 14 or 16 hours. That’s not a great idea. In fact, it can increase your cardiac problem.”

Let’s understand more about liver health (Source: Getty Images/Thinkstock)

Dr M Sai Sudhakar, director, Cath Lab, chief interventional cardiologist, chief cardiac transplant physician, Gleneagles Hospitals, Lakdi Ka Pul, Hyderabad said intermittent fasting, while popular for its potential health benefits, can have damaging effects on the heart if not approached carefully. “Prolonged fasting periods can lead to electrolyte imbalances, particularly in potassium, magnesium, and sodium, which are crucial for maintaining proper heart function. These imbalances can result in arrhythmias, or irregular heartbeats, which can be life-threatening. Additionally, fasting can elevate cortisol levels, the body’s primary stress hormone. Chronic high levels of cortisol increase blood pressure and heart rate, placing extra strain on the cardiovascular system and heightening the risk of heart disease over time,” said Dr Sudhakar.

However, Dr Ranjan Modi, senior consultant and head, interventional cardiology, Sarvodaya Hospital, Sector-8, Faridabad said research results on intermittent fasting are mixed. “Short-term studies suggest there is greater weight loss with intermittent fasting than with regular calorie cutting. But longer studies — from six months to one year — have not all found this to be true,” Dr Modi added.

Intermittent fasting and liver health: All you need to know (Source: Getty Images/Thinkstock)

A study from the American Heart Association’s Epidemiology and Prevention noted that restricting eating times to fewer than eight hours a day may be linked to a higher risk of dying of heart disease. “But a review of studies on intermittent fasting found that the weight and blood sugar changes reported were small. More research is needed to see whether regular fasting can reduce the risk of heart disease,” said Dr Modi.

Further, Dr Rajiv Kovil, head of diabetology, Zandra Healthcare and co-founder of Rang De Neela initiative said the liver is responsible for vital functions like aiding digestion, metabolism, detoxification, regulating hormones, and storing essential nutrients. “Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or fatty liver (steatosis) occurs when the fat starts to accumulate around your liver cells by slowing the process of breaking down fat,” said Dr Kovil.

From a medical perspective, Dr Chandan Kumar K N, senior consultant hematologist and lead T, Gleneagles Hospitals, Lakdi Ka Pul, Hyderabad said intermittent fasting generally does not damage different body parts like the heart or liver in healthy individuals. “In fact, some studies suggest that IF may have protective effects on the liver by reducing fat accumulation, lowering inflammation, and improving insulin sensitivity,” said Dr Kumar, adding that it can be particularly beneficial in preventing or managing conditions like NAFLD.

But according to a 2023 review published in Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, although some studies suggest that IF may have potential benefits for NAFLD, the evidence is still “limited and inconclusive”.

However, IF could potentially stress the liver in individuals with pre-existing liver conditions, such as cirrhosis or advanced NAFLD, said Dr Kumar. “Prolonged fasting periods might lead to a drop in blood sugar levels, forcing the liver to work harder to produce glucose, which could exacerbate existing liver issues,” said Dr Kumar.

It is crucial for individuals considering intermittent fasting to consult with a healthcare professional, particularly if they have underlying health conditions, mentioned Dr Kumar. Personalised medical advice ensures that fasting practices are safe and appropriate for one’s health status, said Dr Kumar.

Credit: The Indian Express

Team Metabolic Health

From acne to wolf’s nose, here’s how the nose can tell us a lot about our health.

The nose is a prominent feature on the face, but thanks to unconscious selective attention, we can choose to not let it get in our line of vision. However, even though the brain works hard to ignore this prominent feature from hindering our view, we should not take the nose lightly, for it can be the messenger of many hidden diseases. A recent study, led by Dan Baumgardt, University of Bristol, stated that the nose can help us diagnose external skin conditions and internal diseases.

The study states that the nose can help us diagnose external skin conditions and internal diseases. (Unsplash)

Acne vulgaris and acne rosacea:

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common types of acne that can affect the nose. It happens when the tiny glands in the skin get clogged and lead to blackheads. These blackheads can develop in larger lumps, get infected, inflamed and pus-filled and can scar the skin.

Acne rosacea, on the other hand, is an inflammatory skin condition that leads to reddening of the skin, mostly the nose and the cheeks. Acne rosacea can lead to rhinophyma – the condition where the skin of the nose starts to grow and thicken, making significant changes in the appearance.

Wolf’s nose:

Also known as Sarcoidosis, wolf’s nose is an inflammatory disease that can affect any tissues in the body, including the lungs and the lymph nodes. This condition can lead to bluish or purplish patches on the body, usually on the nose, ears, the fingers and toes. Sarcoidosis on the nose is referred to as lupus pernio.

Trigeminal trophic syndrome:

The damage to the trigeminal nerve can lead to this condition. The nerve branches in the area of the skin surrounding the nostrils can get damaged, leading to dysregulated sensation. This is categorised by numbness, desensitisation, or prickles. Repeated damage can also lead to ulcers around the nostrils. However, this is different from skin picking disorder, where a person may feel psychologically compelled to pick skin.

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your doctor with any questions about a medical condition.

Credit: Hindustan Times

Team Metabolic Health

A new study sheds light on whether women should stop smoking before conception and if there is ‘no safe period’ for smoking during pregnancy.

Most women stop smoking when they learn that they are with a child. Every cigarette packet comes with a warning against smoking while pregnant. But is there any ‘safe period’ for smoking during pregnancy? Should one stop before conception? A new study is answering all these questions. 

Women should stop smoking before pregnancy, a new study suggests. (Pexels)

Break the habit of smoking while you’re trying to conceive

A new study from China published by the Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health found out that before pregnancy, even light smoking (one to two cigarettes daily) can lead to some ‘serious health issues’ for the newborn baby. The study also reaffirmed the common belief that smoking at any point during pregnancy is dangerous for the growing fetus. Therefore, it is better for women to break the habit while still trying to conceive.

The study collected data from birth certificates in the US National Vital Statistics System between 2016 and 2019. The researchers analysed 12,150,535 mother-newborns and the number of cigarettes smoked per day, ranging from 0 to over 20. They found that the timing of smoking cigarettes during pregnancy matters. Their research found that smoking should be avoided during all stages of pregnancy and debunked the myth that light smoking is not as harmful if you do it before you get pregnant in the first three months of pregnancy.

Health effects of smoking

There are several researches out there that document the health effects of smoking during pregnancy. They reveal that it can lead to a greater risk for premature birth, low birth weight, and developmental issues in the womb. Since the effects after birth are less understood, it has led many women to think it’s safe to smoke before and after pregnancy.

The research stated, “There is no safe period and no safe level of cigarette smoking shortly before or during pregnancy.” They added that the findings of the study ‘re-emphasise the need to prevent smoking initiation for non-smokers and to promote smoking cessation for smokers’.

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What did the study find out?

The study found that “newborns of smokers showed a higher rate of requiring assisted ventilation after birth, assisted ventilation for over 6 hours, NICU admission for mechanical ventilation, and surfactant replacement therapy. They also showed more significant risks for sepsis, seizures, or issues with the brain.”

Additionally, “smoking before pregnancy was associated with a 27 per cent higher risk of newborn health issues. The risk was 31 per cent to 32 per cent if the mother smoked anytime during pregnancy.” The study added, “Even smoking 1 to 2 cigarettes a day before pregnancy led to a 16 per cent higher chance of newborn health problems. The risk rose to 31 per cent if they smoked 20 or more cigarettes a day.”

Credit: Hindustan Times